Selected Project Abstracts

INVESTIGATION OF ECG SIGNAL USING DSP PROCESSOR AND WAVELETS

The analysis of the ECG has been widely used for diagnosing many cardiac diseases. The ECG is a graphic record of the direction and magnitude of the electrical activity that is generated by depolarization and repolarization of the atria and ventricles. One cardiac cycle in an ECG signal consists of the P-QRS-T waves. Most of the clinically useful information in the ECG is found in the intervals and amplitudes defined by its features. The development of accurate and quick methods for automatic ECG feature extraction is of major importance, especially for the analysis of long recordings (Holters and ambulatory systems). In fact, beat detection is necessary to determine the heart rate, and several related arrhythmias such as Tachycardia, Bradycardia and Heart Rate Variation; it is also necessary for further processing of the signal in order to detect abnormal beats. The ECG feature extraction system provides fundamental features (amplitudes and intervals) to be used in subsequent automatic analysis.

The large number of known wavelet families and functions provides a rich space in which to search for a wavelet which will very efficiently represent a signal of interest in a large variety of applications. Wavelet families include Biorthogonal, Coiflet, Harr, Symmlet, Daubechies wavelets, etc. There is no absolute way to choose a certain wavelet. The choice of the wavelet function depends on the application. The Haar wavelet algorithm has the advantage of being simple to compute and easy to understand. The Daubechies algorithm is conceptually more complex and has a slightly higher computational overhead. But, the Daubechies algorithm picks up detail that is missed by the Haar wavelet algorithm. Even if a signal is not well represented by one member of the Db family, it may still be efficiently represented by another. Selecting a wavelet function which closely matches the signal to be processed is of utmost importance in wavelet applications.

In particular, the influence of the selection of wavelet function and the choice of decomposition level on efficiency of denoising process were considered and whole procedures of noise reduction is done in TMS320CXX processor in MatLab environment. The Fast Wavelet Transform was use. The advantage of used denoising method is noise level decreasing in ECG signals, in which noise reduction by averaging has limited application, i.e. in case of arrhythmia, or in presence of extrasystols.

Noise reduction in ECG signals is one of the main problems, which appear during analysis of electrical activity of the heart. The most troublesome noise sources contain frequency components within ECG spectrum, i.e.: electrical activity of muscles (EMG), and instability of electrode-skin contact. Such noises are difficult to remove using typical filtering procedures. Efficient analytical tool which allows to increase signal to noise ratio is a technique of averaging of cardiac cycles. Effectiveness of this method strictly depends on stable sinus rhythm. That requirement is however not fulfilled in case of arrhythmia, or the presence of many extra systoles. In such signals noise reduction is only possible with using, more advanced signal processing method, as wavelet denoising technique.

The aim of this study is to investigate the application of DSP processor for real time denoising in high resolution ECG signals. In this work, we are developing and evaluated an electrocardiogram (ECG) feature extraction system based on the multiresolution wavelet transform. In this work, we will develop and evaluated an electrocardiogram (ECG) feature extraction system based on the multi-resolution wavelet transform.

INVESTIGATION OF ECG SIGNAL USING DSP PROCESSOR AND WAVELETS

The analysis of the ECG has been widely used for diagnosing many cardiac diseases. The ECG is a graphic record of the direction and magnitude of the electrical activity that is generated by depolarization and repolarization of the atria and ventricles. One cardiac cycle in an ECG signal consists of the P-QRS-T waves. Most of the clinically useful information in the ECG is found in the intervals and amplitudes defined by its features. The development of accurate and quick methods for automatic ECG feature extraction is of major importance, especially for the analysis of long recordings (Holters and ambulatory systems). In fact, beat detection is necessary to determine the heart rate, and several related arrhythmias such as Tachycardia, Bradycardia and Heart Rate Variation; it is also necessary for further processing of the signal in order to detect abnormal beats. The ECG feature extraction system provides fundamental features (amplitudes and intervals) to be used in subsequent automatic analysis.

The large number of known wavelet families and functions provides a rich space in which to search for a wavelet which will very efficiently represent a signal of interest in a large variety of applications. Wavelet families include Biorthogonal, Coiflet, Harr, Symmlet, Daubechies wavelets, etc. There is no absolute way to choose a certain wavelet. The choice of the wavelet function depends on the application. The Haar wavelet algorithm has the advantage of being simple to compute and easy to understand. The Daubechies algorithm is conceptually more complex and has a slightly higher computational overhead. But, the Daubechies algorithm picks up detail that is missed by the Haar wavelet algorithm. Even if a signal is not well represented by one member of the Db family, it may still be efficiently represented by another. Selecting a wavelet function which closely matches the signal to be processed is of utmost importance in wavelet applications.

In particular, the influence of the selection of wavelet function and the choice of decomposition level on efficiency of denoising process were considered and whole procedures of noise reduction is done in TMS320CXX processor in MatLab environment. The Fast Wavelet Transform was use. The advantage of used denoising method is noise level decreasing in ECG signals, in which noise reduction by averaging has limited application, i.e. in case of arrhythmia, or in presence of extrasystols.

Noise reduction in ECG signals is one of the main problems, which appear during analysis of electrical activity of the heart. The most troublesome noise sources contain frequency components within ECG spectrum, i.e.: electrical activity of muscles (EMG), and instability of electrode-skin contact. Such noises are difficult to remove using typical filtering procedures. Efficient analytical tool which allows to increase signal to noise ratio is a technique of averaging of cardiac cycles. Effectiveness of this method strictly depends on stable sinus rhythm. That requirement is however not fulfilled in case of arrhythmia, or the presence of many extra systoles. In such signals noise reduction is only possible with using, more advanced signal processing method, as wavelet denoising technique.

The aim of this study is to investigate the application of DSP processor for real time denoising in high resolution ECG signals. In this work, we are developing and evaluated an electrocardiogram (ECG) feature extraction system based on the multiresolution wavelet transform. In this work, we will develop and evaluated an electrocardiogram (ECG) feature extraction system based on the multi-resolution wavelet transform.

INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION THROUGH SMS

This project is aimed at developing control of equipments connected to a PC through SMS. Usually switch control is used to control the electrical equipments. It is a manual task and a person has to go to the distant place in order to control the equipment when switch control is located far from easy reach. This inconvenience can be minimized by using wireless communication developed in our project. This system has been developed using a PC & a mobile. The former acts as a command initiator and the latter acts as a command receiver. Both are capable of communicating serially. The PC is equipped with buffers to the relays through parallel port. The operation to be performed is sent by mobile as SMS to PC. The PC on receiving the SMS, controls the equipments connected to it appropriately.

Software has been developed in C to TX/RX serial data. Serial port software routines are used to configure and communicate. ON/OFF controls of relays are done by parallel port software routines. Specific software commands are used to control each equipment

GSM based Highway Road Traffic Monitoring System.

This project monitors and stores the data about number vehicles moving on the highway roads. This project uses infrared/laser sensor system to count the number of vehicles passing in both the directions. The vehicle count is logged by the microcontroller. This vehicles information is sent to the user over GSM modem. The information can be sent to the user periodically or can be sent on demand by sending a missed call or SMS.

ASL GeoConnect is a GUI based application software, installed at the Desktop of the Control Station. Using this, the operator of a fleet can query any vehicle fitted with GeoPoint 2407 Unit and obtain its position in real time, or send/receive text messages to/from the Unit. Alternatively, vehicles can be configured to report their position to Control Station at set intervals and automatically update a database at the Control Station. This data can be read from the database and the position displayed on a digital map.

GPS & GSM Based Realtime Vehicle Tracking System.

An Automatic Vehicle Tracking System (VTS) operates in conjunction with a Control Station. It helps to track and provide real time location information on the vehicle in which the Unit is installed. The data exchange with the Unit takes place using an integrated GSM communication. The Unit features an advanced electronic design with embedded software equipping it with several user-friendly operational features.

This system locates the Vehicle on the earth by the use of GPS and sends the co-ordinates (Longitude & Latitude), Time and Vehicle speed to the owner of the vehicle using GSM Modem. (GPS+GSM+Microcontroller)

GPS & GSM Based Car Security System

Easy to find the stolen Car. Global Positioning Sytem (GPS) has been used in various commercial applications including transportation, navigation and vehicle position tracking, which when coupled with GSM mobile phone technology, the technology can help locate stolen vehicle and retrieval process.(GPS+GSM+Microcontroller)

GSM Based Irrigation Control System

This project is to control the electrical Irrigation water pump remotely by the use of SMS messages. This also can send the sms alerts back to user about the electrical power status change.

Energy conservation reduces the energy consumption and energy demand per capita, and thus offsets the growth in energy supply needed to keep up with population growth. This reduces the rise in energy costs, and can reduce the need for new power plants, and energy imports. The reduced energy demand can provide more flexibility in choosing the most preferred methods of energy production. This project focuses on Energy conservation by using sensors to sense person coming in & going out of the room or a specific area. Sensors are also used to detect the ambient light & accordingly turn ON bulbs at the required intensity.The circuit consists of Micro Controller 8951/8952, IR sensor for detecting people entering or leaving the room, LDR for detecting the ambient light, ADC for converting the LDR output into digital value & giving to the controller & a TRIAC for Turning ON/OFF & changing the bulbs intensity.

Automatic Meter Reading

Automatic meter reading, or AMR, is the technology of automatically collecting data from water meter or energy metering devices (water, gas, and electric) and transferring that data to a central database for billing and/or analyzing. This saves employee trips, and in the case of estimates, billing can be based on actual consumption rather than on an estimate based on previous consumption, giving customers better control of their use of electric energy, gas usage, or water consumption In this all meters are connected serially to a central computer where the meter reading is received & saved in its database. Moreover if the bill is not paid in time the power can be cut off from the central computer & upon receiving the bill the power can be restored within a minute. The circuit consists of a current transformer for sensing the current, whose o/p is given to ADC the digital data from the ADC is read by the controller, the controller then calculates the current consumed & accordingly increases the meter reading. This is displayed on LCD. The controller is also connected to the central computer using MAX 232 & can switch ON & OFF the power of the house using a relay. An EEPROM is used to save the last meter reading in case of power failure.

Patient Monitoring System

It is required to monitor the patient’s temperature, heartbeat & if the temperature increases above certain level injection has to be given. Our system does the same a sensor is used to monitor the patient’s temperature; if the temperature goes above a certain level a predefined amount of medicine is given. And an indication is given to inform the doctor that injection has been given. A microcontroller is used to get the patients temperature & display it on LCD. The amount of medicine to be injected is entered through the keypad & also displayed on LCD.

RAILWAY COACH AUTOMATION

The temperature of an AC coach is maintained. During summer the Cold air is blown in to decrease the temperature of the coach & during the winter hot air is blown to increase the temperature to maintain the Coach Temperature within the specified limit. Two motors are used for this purpose Motor 1 is used to blow the cold air & Motor 2 is used to Blow the hot air inside the coach. The temperature is sensed using LM35 as a temperature sensor whose output is given to ADC & then to the Micro Controller. LCD is used to display the current temperature as well as the temperature set point & the Motor Status. A compressor is also used to circulate the air within the compartment. We will monitor the current used by the compressor using a Current Transformer if the current is above or below a specific limit the compressor can be said to be faulty & need replacement. This is also indicated on the LCD.

DYNAMIC TRAFFIC CONTROL & MANAGEMENT

One of the most pressing problems faced by people in large cities & towns is the congestions of roads leading to those seemingly inadvertent traffic jams. Most of the signals are pre timed i.e. the signal duration is fixed so even if there is less traffic on one of the roads the signal duration remains the same. Sensors are used to determine the traffic on a road & accordingly change the duration of the signal. Moreover all the signals are connected to a central computer where a database is maintained of traffic at different time during the day which can be helpful in traffic analysis & city management. Three Sensors are placed on each road of a crossroad, the output of the sensors are given to microcontroller (8951/8952), the controller then calculates the timing of each signal according to the traffic on each road. This data is also sent to the PC using MAX232, where a database is maintained.

PICK AND PLACE ROBOT

Automatic Robotic arms are used in manufacturing industries at places where it is hazardous for humans to work or where very fast, precise & repetitive work needs to be done.Three motors will be used for picking up (pickup point) & placing(drop point) the object. IR sensors will be used to detect if an object has arrived at the pickup point, then the robotic arm will move & pick up the object & move towards the drop point. Another IR sensor is used to check if any object is there at the drop point if so an alarm will be sounded until the object at drop point is removed. As soon as the object is removed, the object in the robotic arm is placed & the arm goes back to initial position.8951/8952 microcontroller is used over here which checks the sensor input & controls the motors. The circuit consist of three motors & their corresponding drivers. Two IR transmitters & receivers for detecting the objects at pickup & drop point.

Smart Power Grid

The electrical grid is an interconnected system of power plants, power lines, wires, etc. moving and delivering electricity from power plants to end users. Also referred to as a transmission and distribution (T&D) network, today’s grid faces challenges to keep pace with the modern digital economy and information age, which require higher load demands, uninterruptible power supplies, and other high-quality, high-value services. Micro Controller is placed at intervals to detect the power usage as well as the power consumption at that point. All these controllers are connected together & information like voltage & current consumed is then sent serially to a central computer. If there is a problem in one area then that area can be cut off  temporarily from the central computer. Moreover parameters such as transmission power loss, power consumption during different time of the day & power theft can also be detected.Each sensing unit will consists of a current transformer for sensing the current, whose o/p is given to ADC the digital data from the ADC is read by the controller, the controller(8951/8952) is connected to the central computer using DS75176 which is used for multipoint communication. The sensing unit also contains relays which are used to divert power or cut off power in specific area.

BLACK BOX FOR VEHICLE

Lot of the time drivers drive above limit or over heat the engines thus decreasing the vehicles performance considerable. Moreover accidents occur due to over speeding & are on rise especially amongst the youngsters so parents need to keep a watch on them. Black box for vehicle does the same it checks if the vehicle RPM is above limit & if so logs the RPM along with the time at which the speed limit has been crossed & the number of time the vehicle was above the speed limit. Moreover it checks the engine temperature & if the temperature is above limit a buzzer is sounded. The device is then connected to the PC where the speed logs can be seen.

Microcontroller (8951/8952) is the heart of the project, the controller gets the pulses from the sensor & calculates the vehicle’s RPM. LM35 is used as temperature sensor, the voltage o/p of the sensor is given to ADC, and the controller gets the reading from the ADC. An EEPROM is used to store the logs as well as the RPM & temperature set point. A RTC is used to keep the time so that the exact time of over speeding can also be logged.MAX232 is used to communicate with the PC.

AQUARIUM AUTOMATION

Fishes are very sensitive to changes in temperature & surround lighting. In this project we maintain the temperature of the aquarium, the time at which the lights should be turned ON/OFF & the duration of oxygen motor. For this three relays are required one each for heater (temperature control), light & the Oxygen Motor. LM 35 is used as the temperature sensor for sensing the waters temperature, ADC 0808 is used to convert the LM 35’s output into digital value for the controller. RTC (Real Time Clock) is used for real time according to which the Bulb & the Oxygen motor is turned ON/OFF. A LCD is used to display the temperature as well as the time for turning ON & OFF the lights & the blower motor. The timing can be changed using a keypad & is then stored in the ROM area of the RTC. A battery backup is provided so even in case of power failure the real time is not corrupted.

Automated Pet Feeder

As pet lovers, we understand that the responsibilities of life sometimes inhibit pet owners from properly caring for their pets. Pet care should be fun, not burdensome, and so our goal with this project was to assist owners with pet care by providing a system that automates diet management. A controller is used to activate a mechanical assembly using which a fixed amount of food is dispensed from the feeder unit after a specific duration the amount of food being dispensed as well as the time after which the food has to be dispensed can be entered using a keypad. A memory is used to save this setting.

INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM

Energy conservation reduces the energy consumption and energy demand per capita, and thus offsets the growth in energy supply needed to keep up with population growth. This reduces the rise in energy costs, and can reduce the need for new power plants, and energy imports. The reduced energy demand can provide more flexibility in choosing the most preferred methods of energy production.

In any city “STREET LIGHT” is one of the major power consuming factors. Most of the time we see street lights are ON even after sunrise thus wasting lot of energy. Over here we are avoiding the problem by having an automatic system which turns ON & OFF the street lights at given time or when the ambient light falls below a specific intensity. All streetlights are connected to a central computer from where the time at which the lights are to be turned ON/OFF can be set. An LDR is used to check if the lights have turned ON or not. This status is then sent to the central computer. Thus even the blown out lights can be detected. Each controller has an LDR which is used to detect the ambient light. We can operate the system in two modes the MANUAL MODE & AUTO MODE. In MANUAL MODE the lights are TURNED ON/OFF from the central computer. In AUTO mode if the ambient light is below a specific value the lights are turned ON.

GREEN HOUSE AUTOMATION

Greenhouses are often used for growing flowers, vegetables & fruits plants. The closed environment of a greenhouse has its own unique requirements, compared with outdoor production. Pests and diseases, and extremes of heat and humidity, have to be controlled, and irrigation is necessary to provide water. Significant inputs of heat and light may be required, particularly with winter production of warm-weather vegetable.A micro controller will be used to control the basic parameters of the green house. An LDR will be used to measure the light intensity, Temperature sensor will be used to get the temperature & timely irrigation will be provided by turning ON the Motors at specific intervals. LCD will display the current temperature & light intensity. EEPROM will be used to save the temperature set point, the light intensity values & the time at which Motor has to be turned ON. RTC (Real Time Clock) will be use to get the real time & according to time the controller will turn ON & OFF the Motor. The setting for the temperature, light & Motor ON/OFF time is done through PC.

MULTI CHANNEL LOGIC ANALYZER

A logic analyzer is an electronic instrument that displays signals in a digital circuit that are too fast to be observed and presents it to a user so that the user can more easily check correct operation of the digital system. They are typically used for capturing data in systems that have too many channels to be examined with an oscilloscope. Isolation will be provided between the controller & the input signal in So that the controller will not be damaged due to any high voltage spike. The logic signals at different channels will be sent serially to the PC using MAX232. VB side software on the PC will then display the logic levels on the screen. This data can be stored in the PC & can be seen any time.

SCADA APPLICATION

SCADA is the abbreviation for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. The term SCADA usually refers to centralized systems which monitor and control entire sites, or complexes of systems spread out over large areas (on the scale of kilometers or miles). Most site control is performed automatically by remote terminal units. A PLC may control the temperature of a furnace through part of an industrial process, but the SCADA system may allow operators to change the set points for Temperature, and enable alarm conditions, such as loss of flow and high temperature, to be displayed and recorded.

DCS APPLICATION

A distributed control system (DCS) refers to a control system usually of a manufacturing system, process or any kind of dynamic system, in which the controller elements are not central in location (like the SCADA) but are distributed throughout the system with each component sub-system controlled by one or more controllers. The entire systems of controllers are connected by networks for communication and monitoring.A DCS typically uses custom designed processors as controllers and uses both proprietary interconnections and protocols for communication. Input & output modules form component parts of the DCS. The processor receives information from input modules and sends information to output modules. Elements of a distributed control system may directly connect to physical equipment such as switches, pumps and valves.

Embedded based water purification system

The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and the production of ozone gas in the overhead transmission line known as corona is used in our project for the production of ozone gas. The gas produce out of the device can be used for the treatments of drinking water disinfections and air purification.

The device has a discharge tube in which high electric field is applied so as to breakdown the ozone present in the air. This phenomenon occurs at field strength of about 25 KV at normal room temperature. This unit employs a high voltage of 30 KV peak at a frequency of 15 KHZ to 20 KHZ. Such a high Voltage is developed by means of Line output transformer or Fly-Back Transformer driven by a embedded controller.

The amount of Ozone output can also be controlled indirectly by varying the D.C input voltage by using a atmel 8 bit microcontrollers. Ozonation is 3125 times more powerful than chlorination. The unit can treat 5 liters of impure water in about 2 minutes. The nascent oxygen makes ozone a very powerful disinfecting agent. Ozone destroys all bacteria by cell lycing.

This project is also provided with simple embedded protection circuit, using 18F877 microcontroller which prevents the POWER COMPONENT from being damaged, by High voltage spikes and low voltage surges. The unit can be continuously operated for four to six without much heating of the power electronic devices.

CONVEYOR AUTOMATION USING EMBEDDED SYSTEM

In contrast to a desktop PC that performs a variety of tasks, a microcontroller performs a single, well-defined task. An embedded system has a microprocessor, associated peripherals and software intended for a specific purpose. The hardware is generally built for the system's specific purpose.

The project is designed of a remote area and logs the information at a base station using wireless technology. The hardware connected with AT89C51 microcontroller collects the sensor's data. The micro-controller will sense the object, whether the belt is with the motor or not. Monitors the temperature and voltage, the data are transmitted to the base station. At the receiver end, another micro-controller receives and buffers the incoming data and them it is displayed in the PC.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 600VA UPS based 0n 89C51

UPS control using micro controller is highly reliable less complex and economical when compared the conventional UPS system. This paper explains about the design and implementation of UPS using micro controller. The micro controller is mainly used for control applications. So, micro controller is used for this proposed work. The main function of the UPS (uninterrupted power supply) is to provide an uninterrupted power supply and it should function automatically when the mains supply cutoff. This automatic function in the conventional UPS is done by control system. It involves certain complex work. So, in this proposed work, micro controller does the automation of the UPS. Some of the automatic functions to be done by the micro controller are overload protection, no load release, deep discharge cutoff and inverter operation.

There are different types of micro controller families. In this proposed work, the micro controller-89S52 because of its high on chip ROM capacity, RAM capacity, serial ports, input ports, etc. The micro controller 89S52 is superior in its memorycapacity. This micro controller is best suited for fast development. Since flash memory can be erased in few seconds compared to the twenty minutes or more needed for the 8751. By this, 89S51 is used to eliminate the waiting time needed to erase the chip and thereby speedup the development time. It is a 40 pin micro controller in which 3 pins are used for serial interfacing, i.e., one acts as receiver another acts a transmitter and the third as ground. By this we can interface any components serially, it has 4 ports, port 0, port 1,port 2 and port 3 and it is used for various functions of UPS such as on load release, deep discharge cutoff and so on. This micro controller can be operated at high frequencies and it consumes low power. Thus it is ideal for many projects.

There are different types of UPS. They are OFF line UPS and ON line UPS. This paper focuses on the design of Offline UPS. Because it is mostly prepared than ON line UPS. For example, it finds its application in the household appliances, a personal computer, and so on.

The transistors used in UPS design are replaced, as MOSFET’S because of its certain special features as positive temperature coefficient so that it has high current carrying capability. It has low switching losses and the MOSFET turn on and turn off can be obtained rapidly. Also it is easily available and has switching performance.

The conventional UPS system involves complex control system. In order to reduce the complexity of the control system of conventional UPS embedded controller are currently being used. This project describes the design and implementation of 1KVA.