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Selected
Project Abstracts
AVR microcontroller based Solar tracking
This is a power generating method from
sunlight. This method of power generation is simple and is taken from
natural resource. The aim of the project is to set the solar panel for
maximum power generation using the maximum sunlight available. A stepper
motor system is used for tracking maximum intensity of light. When there
is decrease in intensity of light, this system automatically changes its
direction to get maximum intensity of light. Here we are using two
sensors in two directions to sense the direction of maximum intensity of
light. The difference between the outputs of the sensors is given to the
AVR microcontroller unit.
It will process the input voltage from the comparison circuit and
control the direction in which the motor has to be rotated so that it
will receive maximum intensity of light from the sun. The power
generated from this process is then stored in a lead acid battery and is
made to charge an emergency light and is made to glow during night. The
ATmega8535 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR
enhanced RISC architecture. ATmega8535 has such features as 8 KB of
insystem programmable flash memory (i.e. , read-while-write
capabilities), 512-byte EEPROM,512-byte SRAM, 32 general-purpose
input/output (I/O) lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three
flexible timers/ counters with compare modes, internal and external
interrupts, a serially programmable USART, a byte-oriented two-wire
serial interface, an 8-channel, 10-bit analogue-to-digital converter
(ADC) with optional differential input stage with programmable gain ,a
programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, an SPI serial
port, and six software selectable power-saving modes. The AVR core
combines a rich instruction set with 32 general –purpose working
registers.
ZERO VOLTAGE
SWITCH
A zero voltage switch (ZVS)
DC link, single-phase, pulse width-modulated voltage source inverter (VSI)
is proposed. Operating principle and various operating intervals of the
converter are presented and analyzed. Design consideration is discussed
and a design example of experimental results from a laboratory model is
also presented.
In proposed ZVS DC link technique, the switch voltage is clamped to the
dc link voltage and PWM scheme can be used to control the inverter
output voltage. The PWM modulation scheme is modified to obtain optimum
system performance and to achieve ZVS at different power factor loads.
The design procedure is illustrated with a design example. An experiment
prototype laboratory model 300V, 120V, 60HZ VSI operating at 50KHZ is
implemented using MOSFET and IGBTs. Experimental results confirm the
theory and show the soft switching characteristics of the proposed VSI.
FPGA Implementation of data acquisition for power system
The power plant
monitoring and control system by implementing data Acquistion is mainly
to collect the real time parameters and to control if it exceeds the
pre-defined value. Implementation of this project in a power plant is to
monitor and control the real time temperature , power, intruder
security, water level. Whenever the real time variable obtained goes the
threshold value designed, the power plant operation is automatically
shut down to avoid hazard condition.
SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR USING
ZIGBEE ENTECHNOLOGY
The project titled ``SPEED CONTROL OF
INDUCTION MOTOR USING ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY” is a port of wireless
automation. In this project we are going to speed of three phase
induction motor from remote. Here, the speed of the induction motoris
going to be control from Remote by variable frequency control technique
known as V/f control technique, in which natural Pulse Width Modulation
technique is used todrive voltage source inverter. The inverter driver
circuit is commanded from remoteby using zigbee technology using PIC
Pulse generator. The command is programmed on PC and then encoded & fed
to Zigbee transmitter from remote. The receiver will sense the command
and further decoding it provides to the PIC pulse generator .The signal
received from pulse generator is amplified by driver circuit and fed to
the VSI inverter.
EMBEDDED BASED RADIO FREQUENCY
SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR
The project ‘’EMBEDDED BASED RADIO FREQUENCY SPEED
CONTROL OF DC MOTOR’’ is used to varying Speed of The dc motor. It is
need a DC to DC converter is a Circuit Which converts a source of direct
current (DC) from one voltage Level to Another. Linear regulators output
can only in low in low voltage From the Input. They are very
inefficient if the voltage drop is large and the Current high as they
dissipate as heat, a power equal To the product of the output current
and the voltage drop; Consequently are not normally used for large-drop
high-current Application. It is practically if the current is low, the
power Dissipated being small, although it may still be a large fraction
of The total power consumed. Simple regulator power supply used For
higher currents. A transformer generates a voltage when Rectified, is a
little higher than that needed to bias the linear Regulator. A
High frequency MOSFET as the power electronics switch, It reduces
switching losses. A 230V, 3000 rpm D.C loads to Demonstrate the
converters application in speed control. The simulation Of the code
where done in keil IDE pack. A second Module remote Control machine by
using the 8 relays. It is to be control 8 machines Remotely.
Wireless video transmitters
Wireless video transmitters are used to send video
signals over transmitters to receivers through wireless signals enabling
for a more efficient means of transmission than the hard wired
counterparts. The wireless video transmitters can be seen in different
types of wireless devices. The video transmitters and receivers are seen
in video links used in construction site, parking lot, property and golf
course monitoring. They enable users to monitor for safety, dangers and
trespassing purposes. If problems are seen, actions can be taken
right away to fix them. Wireless audio and video transmitters and
receivers are also seen in airborne video systems. They used with
airborne vehicles such as hot air balloons, airplanes, helicopters,
blimps and even rockets. The wireless video transmitters enable users to
monitor systems from above.
The wireless audio video transmitters can also be
seen on rural farms. The wireless video transmitters enable the
livestock owner be aware of when live births are going on within the
farm. Care can be taken right away when the birth is known sooner. The
wireless video transmitter receiver can also be seen in wireless home
security systems. The wireless video transmitters can allow a homeowner
to have peace of mind when placing their security video cameras in areas
of their choice to monitor their property.
Hard wired systems limit them to only certain areas
of placing their equipment. The wireless video transmitters can also be
seen used in video baby monitors. Mothers with new babies can now watch
their baby is doing without having to wake them up every time they enter
a room to check up on them. It enables them to go to their baby if they
see something happening right away. The wireless uhf video transmitters
enable signals to be sent through the wireless network for cable
television access. The best wireless video transmitters can be found
within the largest providers of wireless transmitter technology. They
spend a lot of time studying their wireless transmitter and receiver
products to keep their quality devices working up to their good name.
DSP based Transmission line transient analyzer
Transient studies of transmission lines in electric
networks are presently done in electric networks using computer or
Transient Network Analysers (TNA). The proposed work aims in
implementation of DSP based transmission line Fault classifier and
Locator.
Need for DSP based
Transmission line transient analyzer
1. Fast repair to restore power system from outages,
2. Improves system availability and performance as well
as reduces operating costs.
3. Saves time and expense of crew searching in bad
weather and tough terrains.
4. Helps crew in disturbance diagnostics by:
- identifying
temporary faults,
- detecting weak
spots
Harmonics are periodic signals that occur in power
systems due to various reasons. The frequency of harmonics is an integer
multiple of the fundamental frequency of the power system which is 50
Hz. The presence of high frequency harmonics in voltages and currents of
a power system is a key signal for identification of faults in power
systems. Therefore, DSP based monitoring of the harmonics for admissible
levels become necessary for reliable distribution of electric energy.
The DSP technology brings unquestionable improvements
in fault classification and location in a shorter time; input signals
are filtered-out more precisely; it is easy to apply sophisticated
corrections; the hardware is standardized and may communicate with other
protection and control systems. The proposed work starts with the
development of a hardware arrangement for the simulation of various
types of faults, transients similar to that occurring in power systems
are generated and are processed through a DSP processor. The processed
outputs are feed for wavelets analysis. On identification of type of
fault a support vector machine (SVM) based fault location algorithm is
called.
ANN based fault Location
Since ANNs can provide excellent pattern recognition,
they are proposed by many researchers to perform different tasks in
power system relaying for signal processing and decision making.
Implementation of ANN has the following steps:
1. Additional pre- and post-processing are applied to
the ANN structure for training. The training patterns exposed to the ANN
cover the most important operating conditions both faults and other
disturbances.
2. The ANN is fed either with non-processed samples of
the input signals, or by features of those signals extracted using
certain measuring algorithms (or by a combination).
3. The sliding data widow consisting of the recent and a
few historical samples of the signals is then fed to the ANN.
4. The output from the ANN encodes the output decision
such as type of fault, location of fault etc.
DSP for analysis of Transients
The CCStudio is a easy to use Integrated Development
Environment (IDE) which allows DSP designers of all experience levels to
move quickly through each phase of the application development process
including design, code and build, debug, analyze, and tune. The familiar
tools and interfaces allow users to get started faster and become
productive immediately. The signals processed through DSP hardware are
further analysis used wavelets for fault type identification.
The total estimated project cost is around RS 10, 75,000
(Ten Lakhs seventy five thousand)
VLSI design of median filter
Filters are linear systems employed for removal of
noise from useful signals. Conventional IIR filters and FIR filters are
highly envolved. In general They are computional algorithms requiring
definite delay between input and the outputs.
However long tailed noise such as exponentional and
laplasion distribution noise are difficult to remove using conventional
linear filters.
Median filters are a class of non linear filters having
advantages
1. Capability to remove long tailed noise
2. Capability to preserve edge information
The most desirable property of median filters is that
they are based on signal “sorting and selection operations”. No
Computation is involved. Therefore, they are the most suitable for real
time VLSI.
Uses
1. Image processing
2. Communication networks
VLSI based asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter
The aim of this project is to design and implement an
asynchronous receiver, transmitter using verilog hardware description
language. In this project we have used serial mode of transmission
because in parallel mode of transmission we need ‘n’ number of cable to
transmit “n” bits of data. The following features mainly distinguishes
our project from other similar devices
- full duplex
operation
- standard data
format
- even or odd parity
- parity error check
- over run error
check
- receiver data
ready
- transmitter data
ready
VLSI design Based Three phase power Inverter Gating
A three phase inverter is a common unit found in
industrial drives meant for control of induction motors. Convention
gating circuit meant for gating of inverters has the following problems.
1. Circuit Delays. Large complicated circuits running
at very high frequencies have one big problem to tackle - the problem of
delays in propagation of signals through gates and wires ... even for
areas a few micrometers across! The operation speed is so large that as
the delays add up, they can actually become comparable to the clock
speeds.
2. Power. Another effect of high operation
frequencies is increased consumption of power. This has two-fold effect
- devices consume batteries faster, and heat dissipation increases.
Coupled with the fact that surface areas have decreased, heat poses a
major threat to the stability of the circuit itself.
3. Layout. Laying out the circuit components is task
common to all branches of electronics. What's so special in our case is
that there are many possible ways to do this; there can be multiple
layers of different materials on the same silicon, there can be
different arrangements of the smaller parts for the same component and
so on.
This project demonstrates the use of a VLSI kit for the
gating of three phase inverter in different modes.
ADVANTAGES OVER ANALOG SYSTEMS
· No temperature
drift of tuning parameters
· Component count
dramatically reduced resulting in higher Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)
· Enclosure density
and size dramatically reduced.
· Fewer wiring
connections.
· All tuning and
adjustments are made in software thus hardware adjustments which are
error prone and not easily reversible are not required
VLSI design Based Three phase power converter Gating
A three phase converter is a common unit found in
industrial drives meant for control of motors. Convention gating circuit
meant for gating of converters has the following problems.
2. Circuit Delays. Large complicated circuits running
at very high frequencies have one big problem to tackle - the problem of
delays in propagation of signals through gates and wires ... even for
areas a few micrometers across! The operation speed is so large that as
the delays add up, they can actually become comparable to the clock
speeds.
3. Power. Another effect of high operation
frequencies is increased consumption of power. This has two-fold effect
- devices consume batteries faster, and heat dissipation increases.
Coupled with the fact that surface areas have decreased,heat poses a
major threat to the stability of the circuit itself.
4. Layout. Laying out the circuit components is task
common to all branches of electronics. What's so special in our case is
that there are many possible ways to do this; there can be multiple
layers of different materials on the same silicon, there can be
different arrangements of the smaller parts for the same component and
so on.
ADVANTAGES OVER ANALOG SYSTEMS
· No temperature
drift of tuning parameters
· Component count
dramatically reduced resulting in higher Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)
· Enclosure density
and size dramatically reduced.
· Fewer wiring
connections.
· All tuning and
adjustments are made in software thus hardware adjustments
which are error prone and not easily reversible are not required
VHDL IMPLIMENTATION OF LZW COMPRESSION ALGORITHM
The adaptive Lempel-Ziv-Welch general-purpose
algorithm and its implementation suitable for packet radio telephone
transmission, and archival storage. While the statistical variable
length Huffman technique compresses text by 20%,the LZW technique can
compress data (text, numeric, mixed, and bit-mapped images)by 40 to 60%.
The adaptive LZW algorithm has very simple logic, leading to inexpensive
and fast implementations. Good LXW implementations use 9- to 16-bit
codes, handling most applications.A12- bit code is suitable for
medium-size files. Efficiency improves with larger codes. A tight coding
of the algorithm can compress 75 Kbytes in a second on a 1-MIPS machine.
This project is implemented using VHDL &simulation
results are verified. It encourages concurrent development in the area
of data compression. The further enhancement of this project is to
achieve more percentage of compression with less hardware.
In addition to not being able to achieve the desired
power factor it is also possible that the use of fixed compensation can
also result in leading power factor under certain load conditions. This
is also unhealthy for the installation as it can result in over voltage,
saturation of transformers, etc. It is therefore necessary to
automatically vary without manual intervention, the compensation
to suit the load requirements. Some loads (such as welding equipments,
injection moulding equipment, starting of large induction motors,
traction loads) which demand, under certain operating conditions, large
amount of reactive power for very short duration of time. Thyristor
switched automatic power factor correction system (Fig) is used in this
application which have a response time in milliseconds. In this system,
it is possible to switch in capacitors such that the inrush transient
currents are totally eliminated. In addition the capacitors can be
switched repetitively intent any limits since, there is no need for
allowing discharge of the capacitor before it is switched in.
SCADA FOR POWER SYSTEM AUTOMATION
Automation of power distribution system has
increasingly been adopted by power utilities worldwide in recent years.
As part of its efforts to provide a more reliable supply to the customer
and to enhance operational efficiency. The automation of the power
system can be achieved by SCADA. It is a boon to the automation concept
of dynamic technology. SCADA refers to “SUPERVISORY CONTROL & DATA
ACQUISITION”.
This paper presents the approach adopted in
implementing the SCADA system and the benefits accrued through
incorporating system. Electric power distribution system is an important
part of electric power system in delivery of electricity to consumers.
Electric power utilities worldwide are increasingly adopting the
computer aided monitoring, control and management of electric power
distribution system to provide better service to electric consumers.
Therefore research and development activities worldwide are being
carried out to automate the electric power distribution system utilizing
recent advancement in the area of information technology and data
communication system. This paper reports the present and past status of
the research and development activities in the area of electric power
distribution automation both in developed as well as in developing
countries. The information given in this paper is useful to electric
power distribution utilities and academicians involved in research and
development activities in the area of power distribution automation.
Even public sectors like TNEB has installed SCADA for monitor & control
ninety-five substations in the CHENNAI metro for this, We are trying to
reproduce SCADA in a less paid form. This project explains the use of
8085 as RTU in power system automation. Our ultimate aim is to reduce
the cost but more user friendlier environment. This may be a small step
for us, we hope this may be a giant leap for the power sector. A
computer based SCADA system equipped with automated generation control
function is proposed. To supervise and control the generation and
transmission system as well as to cater for their increasing
sophistication in system operation and coordination. In order to serve
such a high number of RTU by a control centre and to avoid any
communication bottleneck at the master station, a distributed system
approach is suggested.
Here two sets of dual computer system were installed at two
geographically separated locations.
RFID based library management system
Wireless sensor networks have the potential to
provide unprecedented remote monitoring capabilities that can benefit
applications such as industrial control, environmental monitoring, and
defense. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one of the most
exciting technologies that revolutionize the working practices by
increasing efficiencies, and improving profitability. It is often
presented as a replacement for today’s barcodes used in library books,
but the technology has much
greater possibilities, such as individual serial
numbers for each item, and the possibility to read these numbers at a
distance of several metres. They are simpler to deploy than wired
solutions and these networks will enable improved understanding of
processes and environments through continual monitoring of a larger set
of parameters. In this project the evolution of wireless sensor networks
will be presented, using RFID techniques with examples of
implementations in library management systems in college.
In this project the issue and receving of books are
recorded by the use of RFID tags.
These cards were based on the DuoProx II, made by HID®, one of the
bigger manufactures of proximity security cards. It features both a
magnetic strip and an RFID tag, which uses a carrier frequency of 125 Hz
and modulates the signal by using Frequency-Shift-Keying (FSK).
Remote substation monitoring and control
Automation of power distribution system has
increasingly been adopted by power utilities worldwide in recent years.
As part of its efforts to provide a more reliable supply to the customer
and to enhance operational efficiency here we have developed substation
automation. The automation of the entire power system can be achieved by
a proper monitoring and control. Monitoring refers to monitoring of
voltage in the feeders, transformer or P.Ts found in a substation
whereas control refer to actions such as feeder reconfiguration, fault
dripping and other relay control actions. This project presents
the approach adopted in implementing the Substation automation system
and the benefits accrued through incorporating system. Electric power
substation is an important part of electric power system in delivery of
electricity to consumers. The project hardware contains three modules
they are a remote voltage monitoring system, remote relay control and
power system transient analyzer. The voltage monitoring is used to
remotely display the bus bar voltage. This module can also be used for
display of current and temperature of transformers by the addition of
suitable transducer. The remote relay control is used to remotely
control 8 relays using RF waves. The range of these systems depends on
the number of power amplifiers used and the power supplied to the
transmitters. This module can be used for relay control in locations
where human presence is not possible. The transients occurring in power
system can be observed in matlab using a C.T, this is demonstrated in
the third module
Remote device control using Radio Frequency
The project compares the communication of control
signals using radio frequency and Infra Red Rays. The STR is ideal for
short-range remote control applications where cost is a primary concern.
The receiver module requires no external RF components except for the
antenna. It generates virtually no emissions, making FCC and ETSI
approvals easy. The super-regenerative design exhibits exceptional
sensitivity at a very low cost. A SAW filter can be added to the antenna
input to improve selectivity for applications that require robust
performance. The manufacturing-friendly SIP style package and low-cost
make the STR suitable for high volume applications. The STR-315 uses a
super-regenerative AM detector to demodulate the incoming AM carrier. A
super-regenerative detector is a gain stage with positive feedback
greater than unity so that it oscillates. The received signals can be
decoded using a standard ST-12 decoder chip. A 89C51 micro controller
from atmel is used to generate the control signals at the transmitter
side.
PLC BASED PROTECTION AND INTERLOCKS
A programmable logic controller (PLC) is an
industrially hardened computer based unit that performs discrete or con
tenuous control function in a variety of processing plant and factory
environment. PLC consists of CPU, input device, output device and
Programming device. PLC replaces relays, timers, counters and
sequencers.
Our project concerns with PLC based protection and
interlocks for
1. Boiler feed
pumps.
2. Mill and feeder
interlocks.
3. Slag conveyor
monitoring system.
4. Debris filter.
In boiler feed pump, the relays are used for starting
and tripping of feed pump with satisfying the specified condition. Even
when one condition is found to be failed it leads to the failure of the
whole system. But we can overcome these limitations when the PLC is
used.
Similarly in mill and feeder interlocks dampers are
generally used. To overcome the dampers PLC is used. Also for the same
purpose PLC is used in slag conveyor monitoring systems.
Ozone Generation From corona discharge
The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and the
production of ozone gas in the overhead transmission line known as
corona is used in our project for the production of ozone gas. The gas
produce out of the device can be used for the treatments of drinking
water disinfections and air purification. The device has a
discharge tube in which high electric field is applied so as to
breakdown the ozone present in the air. This phenomenon occurs at field
strength of about 25 KV at normal room temperature. This unit employs a
high voltage of 30 KV peak at a frequency of 15 KHZ to 20 KHZ. Such a
h
igh Voltage is developed by means of Line output transformer or
Fly-Back Transformer. The amount of Ozone output can also be controlled
indirectly by varying the A.C input voltage by using a tap-changing
transformer. Ozonation is 3125 times more powerful than chlorination.
The unit can treat 5 liters of impure water in about 2 minutes. The
nascent oxygen makes ozone a very powerful disinfecting agent. Ozone
destroys all bacteria by colliding.
This project is also provided with simple protection
circuit, which prevents the POWER COMPONENT from being damaged, by High
voltage spikes and low voltage surges. The unit can be continuously
operated for four to six without much heating of the power electronic
devices.0
Ozone Generation From corona
The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and the
production of ozone gas in the overhead transmission line known as
corona is used in our project for the production of ozone gas. The gas
produce out of the device can be used for the treatments of drinking
water disinfections and air purification.
The device has a discharge tube in which high
electric field is applied so as to breakdown the ozone present in the
air. This phenomenon occurs at field strength of about 25 KV at normal
room temperature. This unit employs a high voltage of 30 KV peak at a
frequency of 15 KHZ to 20 KHZ. Such a high Voltage is developed by means
of Line output transformer or Fly-Back Transformer.
The amount of Ozone output can also be controlled
indirectly by varying the A.C input voltage by using a tap-changing
transformer. Ozonation is 3125 times more powerful than chlorination.
The unit can treat 5 liters of impure water in about 2 minutes. The
nascent oxygen makes ozone a very powerful disinfecting agent. Ozone
destroys all bacteria by cell lycing.
This project is also provided with simple protection
circuit, which prevents the MOSFET from being damaged, by High voltage
spikes and low voltage surges. The unit can be continuously operated for
four to six without much heating of the power electronic devices.
MICROCONTROLLER BASED SOLAR PV SYSTEM UPS
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems are being
popular and presently used in commercial, industrial and residential
applications. Presently the UPS system has two major classifications,
one is on line UPS and another one is off line UPS. In both the types
the battery system inside the UPS is charged by the mains AC Supply. A
by-pass mode of operation is also incorporated in the UPS during normal
supply. This paper presents a novel technology to charge the battery
using Renewable Energy Systems (RES) particularly of Solar PV power.
Battery charging can mostly be done by the solar power whereas if the PV
power is inadequate, then the UPS system i.e. the battery is discarded
from the PV panel and
automatically connected to EB mains. The inverter
in the UPS system can also replaced by controlled Voltage Source
Inverter (VSI). A prototype of 1-Ph, 1-kVA UPS system has been examined
for the above work. Controlled inverter has been realized by a dedicated
PIC 16F877 controller. The output of the inverter has been maintained as
230 V +/- 2% by using PWM technique, which is incorporated in the PIC
controller
MICROCONTROLLER based control panel for Industrial
machines
The project demonstrates the following motor operations
using MICROCONTROLLER
1. Speed control
- A.C motors
- D.C motor
2. Start delta starter
3. Fail safe protection systems
4. Two phase operation of three phase motor.
Unlike general-purpose computers, the MICROCONTROLLER
is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended
temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to
vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are
typically stored in battery-backed or
non-volatile memory.
A MICROCONTROLLER is an example of a
real time system
since output results must be produced in response to input conditions
within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result.
The main difference from other computers is that
MICROCONTROLLERs are armored for severe condition (dust, moisture, heat,
cold, etc) and have the facility for extensive
input/output (I/O)
arrangements. These connect the MICROCONTROLLER to
sensors and
actuators.
MICROCONTROLLERs read limit
switches, analog process variables (such as temperature and
pressure), and the positions of complex positioning systems. Some even
use machine vision.
On the actuator side, MICROCONTROLLERs operate
electric motors,
pneumatic or
hydraulic cylinders,
magnetic relays or
solenoids, or analog
outputs. The input/output arrangements may be built into a simple
MICROCONTROLLER, or the MICROCONTROLLER may have external I/O modules
attached to a computer network that plugs into the MICROCONTROLLER.
MICROCONTROLLERs were invented as replacements for
automated systems that would use hundreds or thousands of ICS timers,
and drum sequencers.
Often, a single MICROCONTROLLER can be programmed to replace thousands
of ICs. Programmable controllers were initially adopted by the
automotive manufacturing industry, where software revision replaced the
re-wiring of hard-wired control panels when production models changed.
General features
1) Allows for the output to be a value other than 100%
or 0%.
2) Speed can be controlled without oscillations
around the set point. Historically MICROCONTROLLERs were usually
configured with only a few analog control loops; where processes
required hundreds or thousands of loops, a
distributed control system
(DCS) would instead be used.
However, as MICROCONTROLLERs have become more powerful, the boundary
between DCS and MICROCONTROLLER applications has become less clear-cut.
Disadvantages of a classic Motor control panels
- Too much work required in connecting wires.
- Difficulty with changes or replacements.
- Difficulty in finding errors; requiring skillful work
force.
- When a problem occurs, hold-up time is indefinite,
usually long.
Advantages of control panel using MICROCONTROLLER
controller
1. Compared to a
conventional process control system, number of wires needed for
connections is reduced by 80%
2. Consumption is greatly reduced because a
MICROCONTROLLER consumes less than a bunch of ICS
3. Diagnostic functions of a MICROCONTROLLER controller allow for
fast and easy error detection.
4. Change in operating sequence or application of a
MICROCONTROLLER controller to a different operating process can easily
be accomplished by replacing a program through a console or using a PC
software (not requiring changes in wiring, unless addition of some input
or output device is required).
5. Needs fewer spare parts
6. It is much cheaper compared to a conventional
system, especially in cases where a large number of I/O instruments are
needed and when operational functions are complex.
7. Reliability of a MICROCONTROLLER is greater than that
of an analog circuit or a timer. Latching and Reporting Alarms
MICRO CONTROLLER BASED OBJECT TRACKING SYSTEM
Micro controllers have found various applications in
the present scenario and are used in most of the electronics based
equipments. They have become a user friendly component and their
programming part is being made easy through the wide spread knowledge
about them. We have used up the additional advantages of the micro
controller over the micro processor in our project. Our project
microcontroller based object tracking system is to identify the location
of an object in an institution with a huge campus area. Whenever we take
up the case of an institution with a huge campus area, it gets hard to
find the location of an object we are searching for. Especially when the
object we are looking for is moving, we need to keep track of the
object's movement to find it. Our project gives an effective solution to
this problem. The basic idea of our project is to set up receivers at
various locations and hand down transmitters to each object. This entire
process of generating a unique code, transmitting it, receiving it
and decoding it can be achieved by categorizing the project into three
modules namely the Transmitter section, the Receiver section and the
Central module consisting of the Micro controller. The basic operating
principle of the project can be implemented using these sections.
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